Niels Hi,
I googled this just for you :)
Shame about NOP by the way :(
Cheers,
PM
Petrol, petrol everywhere ...
http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/petrol-petrol-everywhere-/2005/10/01/1127804697071.html
In a bid to offset a global oil crisis, industries are rushing to develop cheaper and more environmentally friendly substitutes. By Rachel Wells.
WE ALL know that recent rises in world oil prices are hurting the hip pocket at the petrol pump. But take a look at this picture all of these household items contain petroleum-based products, which means it is only a matter of time before we are also forking out more for them as well. Nappies, fridges, shoes, toys, computers, cars and even everyday food items are set to become more expensive as the cost of oil-based raw materials increases, and transport and distribution soar.
According to Britain's Oil Depletion Analysis Centre, oil not only fuels 95 per cent of land, sea and air transport, and 40 per cent of the world's commercial energy, it is heavily relied upon for food production to run farm machinery and make fertilisers and pesticides. It also supplies feedstock for thousands of manufactured products, including plastics, clothing, medicines and building materials.
"We rely very heavily on oil-based materials for our everyday life. Everywhere you look, for example, there are plastics, and nearly all plastics come from oil," says Professor David Solomon, of the department of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the University of Melbourne.
"Most polymers, or plastics, we use are derived from oil including things like kids' toys, shoes, some clothing, the paint we use on our houses, the bumper bars on our cars, floor coverings like vinyl and some carpets, most of the plastic containers we use for food and drinks, the garden hose, the benchtop, the computer, all the detergents we use, food packaging, the PVC pipes in our plumbing, bike helmets, I could go on and on," he says. "Every seat at the MCG, for example, would be moulded from petrol-based plastic."
Until now, most companies have managed to absorb the increasing costs of petroleum-based raw materials, as well as the added energy and distribution costs, but industries are now saying these will have to be passed on to consumers.
Ross Hearne, general manager, corporate services, for Kimberly-Clark Australia makers of nappies, sanitary products, tissues, toilet paper and other household items says price hikes are inevitable.
"Because we use polypropylene polymers, which are oil-based, we've been hit by higher raw material prices, coupled with increased transportation and delivery costs, driven by the increased fuel prices," he says. "It's a competitive market and we've largely absorbed those costs to date but if oil prices keep rising it will have to be passed on to consumers eventually."
Julie Kearns, marketing director for toy-maker Mattel, says it is just a matter of time before the company lifts the price of toys , many of which are made from petroleum-based plastics. "Like most companies, we are very aware of the impact higher oil prices might have and, unfortunately, they do invariably get passed on to consumers in the form of price rises," says Kearns. "We will be assessing that possibility going into next year."
Most of Mattel's products are manufactured in China and Indonesia, as well as Mexico, and are distributed world-wide, meaning the company has also been hit by added distribution costs.
Mark Fink, vice-president of the Australasian Bioplastics Association, says manufacturers are seriously considering bioplastics as an alternative, as the price of oil-based plastics rises, and the industry comes to realise that the world's oil supply will eventually run out.
"A couple of years ago all the interest was about waste disposal, about products being biodegradable and compostable, now everyone is interested in using renewable resources," says Fink.
Bioplastics have similar properties to conventional petrochemical plastics, but they use renewable resources and are biodegradable. They are made using cellulose derivatives found in wood, cotton, starch and vegetable oils.
Stuart Bateman, from the CSIRO's polymer composites and nanomaterials team, says interest in bioplastics will continue to grow as oil prices rise and alternatives become more affordable. "As the price of crude oil becomes more and more expensive, the attractiveness of these materials becomes more obvious," he says.
Bateman and Fink say that packaging has been the main application for bioplastics in Australia. "Packaging has been the first focus for most companies, given that 40 per cent of the plastic used in Australia is used in packaging," says Fink. "Most packaging is single-use or has a short shelf life and therefore most environmental issues are around packaging rather than durable products like computer casing or bumper bars."
Research and development into bioplastic alternatives for more durable products, such as electronics and car parts, is growing. "More and more bio-derived materials are being used in durables, particularly overseas," says Fink. In Japan, Sony has used a bioplastic a corn-based polyactide, a plastic derived from lactic acid in some of its CD players, as well as its wrapping and packaging.
Biodegradable materials using sugar cane, corn and sweet potatoes are also being developed to replace conventional plastics in cars. Toyota has been working on bioplastics since 2001. Its ES3 concept car of 2002 had interior panels and door pillar trims made from a bioplastic derived from sweet potato starch. Mats in its Raum model, sold in Japan, are made from a bioplastic material called Eco-Plastic. Toyota says the cost of the process is only marginally higher than for conventional petroleum-based plastics.
Locally, Queensland University of Technology has teamed up with the Sugar Research Institute in Mackay to develop sugar cane strains that will allow large-scale production of bioplastics suitable for car parts, such as dashboards, and in paints and varnishes. The CSIRO is also involved in research and development for bioplastics for durable items such as car parts.