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Lloyds: too big to fail or even to succeed
Uncertainty rules as the bank restructures and Brussels presses for sell-offs.
Iain Dey
Lloyds TSBs chief executive clearly thought he had just done the deal of the century. I rarely use superlatives, Eric Daniels told a packed room of investors as he announced his rescue takeover of struggling rival HBOS. But this really is a wonderful combination.
He had been up all night hammering the deal together, but his enthusiasm shone through his usually stony features. The same could not be said of Andy Hornby, his counterpart at HBOS, who looked like a broken man.
The new Lloyds Banking Group would be huge, Daniels said, dwarfing its competitors. Combining the two businesses would lead to huge cost savings. Its balance sheet would be enormous.
Ten months on, things are much less rosy. In a fortnight Daniels will reveal the first fully integrated set of results from the new group, and the figures are expected to make uncomfortable reading.
The bank will give the market a pleasant surprise by revealing that accounting rules have helped it to scrape a profit for the first six months of the year. Nonetheless, bad debts on its huge exposures to commercial property, mortgages and corporate debt are estimated to have climbed as high as 13 billion. That comes on top of the 10 billion loss HBOS recorded for 2008.
While Daniels was given licence by the government to create a new megabank, with a near-monopoly on Britains personal finances, it seems increasingly unlikely he will get the opportunity to reap the benefits. George Osborne, the shadow chancellor, has warned that an incoming Tory government would give serious consideration to breaking up Lloyds. In Brussels, similar thoughts prevail.
Sir Victor Blank, Lloyds chairman, has already said he will stand down and his replacement is expected to be appointed within a month. Daniels is considered by many to be living on borrowed time, with calls for a new broom growing louder in the City.
With the benefit of hindsight, this looks like a very bad deal, said one of the banks biggest shareholders. Im sure they regret it now, in spite of what they say.
At the Treasury, Lloyds and Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) remain key causes of concern. Having kept the banks afloat with taxpayers money, Alistair Darling, the chancellor, and Tom Scholar, his top civil servant, have to justify the aid to Brussels.
The European Commission is starting to take a hard line on financial aid packages, now that the frenzy of the credit crisis has been replaced with the dull grind of global recession. In Germany, Commerz-bank has been forced to sell Euro-hypo, its property lending arm, as a condition of receiving aid. In Ireland, the nationalised lender Anglo-Irish has been ordered to stop paying the interest on some of its bonds as a condition of aid.
Neelie Kroes, the European competition commissioner, has already made it clear she has similar plans for both Lloyds and RBS. Divestments could be forced on both banks simply as a penalty for accepting state aid.
Darling and Scholar are fighting the demands, but they appear to be on a loser. This is just about Europe extracting its pound of flesh, said one French financier. There will definitely be some form of remedy imposed on them.
Selling Scottish Widows, its life-assurance business, is one remedy that could make sense for Lloyds - it has already considered a sale of the business for strategic reasons. Other proposals could involve selling off networks of branches, or even one of its brands, such as Bank of Scotland.
Even without pressure from Brussels, Lloyds is at risk of interference from the authorities. The new group controls about 30% of all the current accounts in Britain, almost 30% of the mortgage market and close to 20% of the savings market. Roughly half of the population are customers of some kind or other, whether through the bank itself or through one of its insurance companies such as Scottish Widows, Esure or Clerical Medical.
Although Gordon Brown struck a pact with Blank, agreeing to waive the competition rules in exchange for Lloyds taking over HBOS, there is no certainty that those rules wont be reimposed in the future.
If left unfettered, Lloyds is expected to start making enormous profits by 2011. Had it not been for the bad-debt charges accrued last year, the combined bank would have made profits of more than 20 billion.
Although Lloyds is sitting on hundreds of billions of pounds of potentially toxic loans, most of these will fall into the governments Asset Protection Scheme, leaving taxpayers to pick up the tab. The terms of the scheme, which protects banks against the worst of their losses, are still being hammered out, months after it was first announced.
Yet it seems possible to imagine that the scheme will be abandoned. The whole thing feels unsustainable, said one analyst. Its difficult to imagine a situation where Lloyds is allowed to start making huge profits, thanks to its large market shares and the fact its bad debts are being protected by the government.
Even if Lloyds is allowed to keep its franchise intact, it is likely to be subjected to intense regulation. If this happens, Lloyds shares are likely to fall and trade at a discount to those of rival banks that will be picking off its customers.
It will become like Tesco, constantly threatened with this review and that inquiry, said one banker. Its market shares are only going to go one way - down.
Lloyds announced another 1,200 job cuts last week, bringing its total for the year to 8,200. Trade-union leaders believe the final figure for job losses could hit 30,000 as the bank races to beat its target of 1.5 billion a year of cost savings.
The job losses emphasise the scale of the integration job that lies ahead for Lloyds management. Squeezing two of Britains biggest banks together would have been hard work at the best of times. Doing it while bad debts soar in both loan books is an even bigger task.
Inside the bank, the internal restructuring seems to be occupying as much time as the balance sheet. A memo sent out last week to key contacts of the banks restructuring team illustrated the point. Although it laid out the new chain of command inside the division, it gave no indication as to who would be filling each role. The spaces where the names should have been were just blank, said an insolvency expert who received the memo.
According to City sources, the same state of confusion is found across other divisions of Lloyds, with key decisions not being taken.
You can see this in the data they have provided, said one analyst. We have had a lot less detail from Lloyds on what the balance sheet looks like than we have had from RBS or Barclays. I think thats because they dont know themselves.
When questioned by the Treasury committee earlier this year, Daniels admitted that, in an ideal world, he would have done a lot more due diligence before pressing ahead with the HBOS deal.
He tried to tell us he was misquoted on what he told the committee, said a Lloyds shareholder. But the proof of the pudding will be in the eating, and it doesnt taste too good right now.
Banks which have been bailed out by European governments will be forced to shrink their businesses and sell off certain assets under new guidance to be issued by the EU on Thursday.
Amid warnings by EU Competition Commissioner, Neelie Kroes, that Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group may need to be broken up, analysts are forecasting that they may also need shrink their branch networks to comply with European rules on fair competition.
Analysts are also looking forward to the interim reporting season next month when rising unemployment is expected to cause a further increase in arrears and bad debt charges.
Sandy Chen, banks analyst at Panmure Gordon, is estimating that Lloyds Banking Group could write off almost 50bn in the next two years because of loans which have turned sour, largely as a result of the takeover of HBOS.
Chen, who is regarded as the most pessimistic of the banking analysts, is forecasting that Lloyds will make provisions of 24bn this year and 23.5bn in 2010. He also expects Lloyds and RBS to sell off core and non-core assets to appease EU rules. He suggested Lloyds might close 20% of its 3,000 or so branches, following the decision to axe all 164 Cheltenham & Gloucester branches.
The bank's stake in St James' Place and insurers Clerical Medical as well as fund manager, Insight, might also be on the block. RBS has started to scale back in Asia and there are expectations that it might need to pull back from operations in continental Europe.
The EU is not expected to give specific guidance on each of the 70 banks in Europe which have received taxpayer handouts, but will set out broad guidelines about how they should be treated.
The EU is expected to acknowledge the extent of the financial crisis by giving banks up to five years to complete any restructuring that allows them to survive without state support, rather than the usual two to three years.
Lloyds has already warned the City that the EU might demand disposals in return for the injection of government funds and its participation in the asset protection scheme, which is insuring 585bn of troublesome loans at both Lloyds and RBS. Lloyds figures in the first half will be flattered by accounting gains from the HBOS takeover and gains from a reshuffling of its debt. But accounting quirks could force HSBC to record a loss in the first half because of a $4.7bn (2.8bn) hit from its record-breaking 13.5bn rights issue.
Panmure Gordon, which is an advisor to the government on Northern Rock, thinks UK Financial Investments, which looks after the taxpayer's stakes in the bailed out banks, might have a short window to sell some of their stakes next month before being locked in for many years. UKFI has refused to be specific about when it might sell its stakes in the banks but admitted it could take place in tranches over several years.
Chen's analysis includes a gloomy outlook for the UK economy and particularly unemployment where he notes all sectors are suffering layoffs making it difficult for redundant workers to find other jobs. He also notes that people on the lowest household incomes are suffering most during the recession while those on higher incomes are benefiting more from the low interest rate environment. Chen thinks GDP growth will be muted until household income starts to rise again.