Amid Libya's chaos, business booms for migrant smugglers
By Maggie Michael and Lee Keath
The Associated Press
POSTED: 23/04/2015 12:01:00 AM MDT
An illegal migrant from Nigeria is caged at a detention camp near Tripoli in 2013. With no central authority in Libya, the migrant smuggling business is booming. Smugglers are charging more, buying bigger boats and more guns, and creating a vicious circle that causes more tragedies in the Mediterranean Sea. (Associated Press file)
CAIRO — Libya's chaos has turned it into a lucrative magnet, attracting migrants desperate to make the dangerous sea voyage to Europe.
With no central authority to stop it, business is booming. Smugglers charge ever more as demand goes up, then use the profits to buy larger boats and heavier weapons to ensure no one dare touch them.
It's a vicious cycle that translates into more tragedies at sea.
With each rickety boat that sets off from Libya's coast, traffickers rake in hundreds of thousands of dollars. So assured are they of their impunity that they operate openly. Many use Facebook to advertise their services to migrants desperate to flee war, repression and poverty in the Middle East and Africa.
And they are armed to the teeth, often working with powerful militias in Libya that control territory and hold political power.
One coast guard officer in Sabratha, a Libyan coastal city that is a main launch point for smugglers' boats headed to Europe, said his small force can do little to stop them. Recently, he heard about a vessel about to leave but refused to send his men to halt it.
"This would be suicidal," he said on condition of anonymity for fear of retaliation from the traffickers. "When you see smugglers with anti-aircraft guns mounted on pickup trucks on the beach, and you have an automatic rifle, what are you going to do?"
If any one factor explains the jump in illegal crossings into Europe, it's Libya's turmoil since the 2011 civil war that ousted dictator Moammar Khadafy.
As boat traffic increases, so do disasters. Over the weekend, a ship packed with migrants capsized off Libya, leaving at least 800 dead, the deadliest shipwreck ever in the Mediterranean. At least 1,300 people have died in the past three weeks alone, putting 2015 on track to be the deadliest year ever.
During his rule, Khadafy struck deals with Europe to police the traffic, helping to keep the numbers down. In 2010, about 4,500 migrants made the perilous crossing from North Africa to Italy, the vast majority departing from Libya, according to the EU border agency Frontex.
In 2014, that number spiraled to more than 170,000.
European authorities have scrambled to deal with the crisis. One proposal is to fund camps in countries bordering Libya to house migrants before they reach its coast.
Italian Defense Minister Roberta Pinotti said Wednesday there are contingency plans for military intervention against smugglers in Libya and that Italy is willing to lead an operation if it gets U.N. backing.
In the past year, Libya's crumbling into anarchy has accelerated. There are two rival governments, neither with any real authority, each fighting the other on the ground. Militias hold sway around the country.
In the chaos, smuggling has "become an organized crime, with cross-border mafias in possession of weapons, information and technology," said the head of an independent agency that studies human trafficking and tries to help migrants in Sabratha.
Extensive cross-border smuggling networks organize different legs of the journey: First from the migrants' home country to the Libyan border, then from the border to a jumping-off point on the coast, then onto boats for the Mediterranean crossing.
Migrants pay for each leg of the journey. It costs about $1,000 to get to Libya from Senegal and about $2,500 from Ethiopia, according to migration experts in those countries.
A place on an inflatable boat across the Mediterranean can run $500, while relatively sturdier wooden or steel boats run from $1,000 to $2,000, said one smuggler, Luqman, in the city of Zwara, a main launching point.